The discovery and mapping of the human genome stands as one of the greatest scientific achievements in history, officially starting with the launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP) in October 1990 and reaching a "complete" milestone in April 2003. This massive international collaboration successfully decoded over 92% of the human genetic blueprint, tracing the 3.2 billion base pairs that dictate human development, health, and evolution. True 100% gapless completion, resolving the final complex and repetitive regions, was eventually achieved by the Telomere-to-Telomere Consortium in 2022 (with the final Y-chromosome finalized in 2023